Peer-Reviewed, Controlled Studies On Brainwave Entrainment

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Peer-Reviewed, Placebo-Controlled Studies

Below is a list of peer-reviewed, controlled studies on brainwave entrainment.

We have categorized them by the type of control used.

Studies that compared different experimental conditions against each other:

Howard, C. E., Graham, L. E., 2nd and Wycoff, S. J., 1986. A comparison of methods for reducing stress among dental students. J Dent Educ. 50, 542-544.

Lane, J. D., Kasian, S. J., Owens, J. E. and Marsh, G. R., 1998. Binaural auditory beats affect vigilance performance and mood. Physiol Behav. 63, 249-252.

Leonard, K. N., Telch, M. J. and Harrington, P. J., 1999. Dissociation in the laboratory: a comparison of strategies. Behav Res Ther. 37, 49-61.

Morse, D. R. and Chow, E., 1993. The effect of the Relaxodont brain wave synchronizer on endodontic anxiety: evaluation by galvanic skin resistance, pulse rate, physical reactions, and questionnaire responses. Int J Psychosom. 40, 68-76.

Ossebaard, H. C., 2000. Stress reduction by technology? An experimental study into the effects of brainmachines on burnout and state anxiety. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 25, 93-101.

Rosenfeld, J. P., Reinhart, A. M. and Srivastava, S., 1997. The effects of alpha (10-Hz) and beta (22-Hz) "entrainment" stimulation on the alpha and beta EEG bands: individual differences are critical to prediction of effects. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 22, 3-20.

San Martini, P., Venturini, R., Zapponi, G. A. and Loizzo, A., 1979. Interaction between intermittent photic stimulation and auditory stimulation on the human EEG. Preliminary investigation through power spectral analysis. Neuropsychobiology. 5, 201-206.

Williams, J., Ramaswamy, D. and Oulhaj, A., 2006. 10 Hz flicker improves recognition memory in older people. BMC Neurosci. 7, 21.

Williams, J. H., 2001. Frequency-specific effects of flicker on recognition memory. Neuroscience. 104, 283-286.

Studies with music as controls:

Joyce, M. and Siever, D., 2000. Audio-Visual Entrainment (AVE) Program as a Treatment for Behavior Disorders in a School Setting. Journal of Neurotherapy. 4, 9-25.

Kliempt, P., Ruta, D., Ogston, S., Landeck, A. and Martay, K., 1999. Hemispheric-synchronisation during anaesthesia: a double-blind randomised trial using audiotapes for intra-operative nociception control. Anaesthesia. 54, 769-773.

Padmanabhan, R., Hildreth, A. J. and Laws, D., 2005. A prospective, randomised, controlled study examining binaural beat audio and pre-operative anxiety in patients undergoing general anaesthesia for day case surgery. Anaesthesia. 60, 874-877.

Wahbeh, H., Calabrese, C. and Zwickey, H., 2007a. Binaural beat technology in humans: a pilot study to assess psychologic and physiologic effects. J Altern Complement Med. 13, 25-32.

Wahbeh, H., Calabrese, C., Zwickey, H. and Zajdel, D., 2007b. Binaural beat technology in humans: a pilot study to assess neuropsychologic, physiologic, and electroencephalographic effects. J Altern Complement Med. 13, 199-206.

Studies with glasses, but no photic stim as controls:

Kumano, H., Horie, H., Kuboki, T., Suematsu, H., Sato, H., Yasushi, M., Kamei, T. and Masumura, S., 1997. EEG-driven photic stimulation effect on plasma cortisol and beta-endorphin. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 22, 193-208.

Nomura, T., Higuchi, K., Yu, H., Sasaki, S., Kimura, S., Itoh, H., Taniguchi, M., Arakawa, T. and Kawai, K., 2006. Slow-wave photic stimulation relieves patient discomfort during esophagogastroduodenoscopy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 21, 54-58.

Solomon, G. D., 1985. Slow wave photic stimulation in the treatment of headache--a preliminary report. Headache. 25, 444-446.

Other studies with controls (with no exposure):

Budzynski, T., Jordy, J., Budzynski, H., Tang, H. and Claypoole, K., 1999. Academic Performance Enhancement with Photic Stimulation and EDR Feedback. Journal of Neurotherapy. 3, 11-21.

Patrick, G. J., 1996. Improved neuronal regulation in ADHD: An application of fifteen sessions of photic-driven EEG neurotherapy. Journal of Neurotherapy. 1, 27-36.